2011-11-06

As previously known, one of the success of a blog is connected with social networking. This time we will discuss how to connect bloggers with google+ (later on we call it with G+), a social network owned by Google that is rapidly growing.

G+ pages

As already announced by Google, that Google has provided pages. Actually this step was preceded by facebook. However, steps taken by Google is quite right. The reason, everyone wants more privacy. And for those of you who have blogs, this is an advantage. One of the advantages of G+ is a circle, because with circle then you will not be wrong to share. If you have a lot of categories (labels) on your blog, then these categories can be divided into several circles that correspond to the topic of the category (label).

As mentioned earlier, that one disadvantage of blogs is slow communication between users. With the use of social networking, then the weakness of the blog can be resolved.

Example G+ page

The first step before making G+ pages is that you must have a G+ account. Please come to G+. After that visit G+ pages, pick a category, add info of your page. Once you have managed to provide information about your property page, then you'll be taken to the page "welcome". The address of the page you'll probably like https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/G+ page ID/welcome. The identity of the G+ page is very important to create a badge G+ to be placed on your own site. Google has announced the use of badges for the website.

G+ developers page

The next step is to visit the G+ developers for the badge, you will see an empty box after https://plus.google.com/, you have to do is fill in the empty box with G+ page ID that you created earlier. After that, select the name of the badge you want. Do not forget to choose the style of the badge. Once you successfully do that, then you will get a piece of script that you have to put on your site. Script provided by G+ badge consists of two parts. The first section is placed after the code <head> and before </ head>, while the second part is placed before the </ body>. Consider the following code example

<!-- Place this tag in the <head> of your document-->
<link href="https://plus.google.com/G+ page ID" rel="publisher" /><script type="text/javascript">
(function() 
{var po = document.createElement("script");
po.type = "text/javascript"; po.async = true;po.src = "https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js";
var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s);
})();</script>

<!-- Place this tag where you want the badge to render-->
<g:plus href="https://plus.google.com/G+ page ID" size="badge"></g:plus>

Step three, open your blogger account. Then click Design -> Edit HTML, look for <head> code. Then place the following code after <head>

<!-- Place this tag in the <head> of your document-->
<link href="https://plus.google.com/G+ page ID" rel="publisher" /><script type="text/javascript">
(function() 
{var po = document.createElement("script");
po.type = "text/javascript"; po.async = true;po.src = "https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js";
var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s);
})();</script>

then save. Once saved, then click Design -> Page Elements, then click the link "Add a Gadget". After that, a window will pop up a new page "Add a Gadget". All you have to do is select the gadget HTML / Javascript. After that, a window will pop up a new window "Configure HTML / Javascript". Place the following G+ badge code in the box "content"

<!-- Place this tag where you want the badge to render-->
<g:plus href="https://plus.google.com/G+ page ID" size="badge"></g:plus>

Then save. Done, now you already have a G + badge on the website (blogger).

Figure 1. (physics.aps.org)

It has been previously known that black holes are not completely black. But a weak emitters of black body radiation generated near the event horizon-a place where light can not exit from the pull of gravity. Horizon can separate pairs of virtual photons. Where when one sucked, then the others will escape. As a result, the black hole loses energy. This theory was first proposed by Hawking. However, the evidence of the theory is very difficult. Because almost impossible to measure it.

However, the proof of the analog of Hawking's theory might be done. The key requirement is simply That the interaction the between waves and the medium in the which They propagate Causes there to be a boundary zones where the between the wave and the medium have different velocities. A study conducted by Francesco Belgiorno (Università degli Studi di Milano), using a high intensity of light filaments in the glass that interfere with optical propagation environment in a manner analogous to the way the light affects the gravitational field near black hole horizon. This perturbation creates an optical equivalent of the event horizon that allows Belgiorno et al. to make a convincing measurement of analogue Hawking radiation at optical frequencies.

A really useful way to visualize an analog event horizon is to imagine a fish swimming upstream in a river flowing towards a waterfall. The point at which the current flows faster than the fish can swim represents a boundary at which fish cannot escape and they are swept over the waterfall. This “point of no return” for the fish is equivalent to a black hole horizon. A similar analogy exists for white holes, associated with horizons that fish can never enter, namely, if they were attempting to swim upstream towards the bottom of a waterfall. This simple picture is surprisingly powerful at capturing the physics of horizons, and can be extended rigorously to describe horizon physics in diverse systems including acoustics, cold atoms, and gravity-capillary waves on water. Indeed, horizon effects and a stimulated form of Hawking radiation have recently been explicitly observed in the vicinity of an obstacle placed in an open channel flow. However, the question has remained open as to whether these analog gravity systems also generate the spontaneous thermal radiation Hawking predicted.

Belgiorno said yes. Made experimental device capable of producing an optical event horizon by using intense, ultrashort light pulses change the index of refraction of the glass around the pulse moves. Changes in the refractive index modifies the propagation of "geometry" effective (Figure 1) as seen by copropagating light beams that form the horizon like a trap and, in principle, Hawking radiation should occur. Index change is called a nonlinear Kerr effect, where the pulse modifies the refractive index of glass in such a way that was higher than the wings of the pulse center. Because the wave velocity depends on the refractive index, pulse induces an effective spreading velocity gradient in the material so that the horizon can appear at points on the pulse leading and trailing edges.

It is important to note here that Kerr-induced trapping in itself is not a new effect, but rather one that is well known in nonlinear fiber optics. In fact, the Raman frequency shifting on solitons (where the spectrum of short pulses moves to longer wavelengths) is a deceleration effect that was even shown to lead to an equivalent gravitational potential, but it was only recently that scientists appreciated the possibility of extending the gravitational analogy to test predictions of Hawking radiation. The particular attraction of experiments in optics is that the intensity and wavelength of the Hawking radiation depends on the induced refractive index gradient, and pulses containing only a few optical cycles or a steep shock front would be expected to generate measureable emission of visible light. Unfortunately, although it is straightforward to demonstrate the existence of an event horizon in an optical fiber, dispersive and dissipative effects present in the fiber appear to prevent the clean formation of the particular pulse profiles needed for the spontaneous generation of Hawking radiation.

The experiments of Belgiorno and co-workers attempt to overcome this problem in a novel way. In fact, they move away from the fiber environment altogether, performing experiments in bulk glass, using laser pulses in the form of needlelike beams known as optical filaments (Fig. 1) to generate the nonlinear refractive index perturbation. Optical filament pulses generally have a complex spatiotemporal structure, but it is possible to experimentally synthesize them so that their internal group and phase velocity gradients can be controlled. This is what Belgiorno et al. did in their experiments, using properties of what are called Bessel beams, where the filament is preshaped so as to control its group velocity relative to the velocity change induced by the refractive index perturbation. This is a crucial aspect of their experiments because it allows them to fine tune the window of Hawking radiation emission into the near infrared, around 850nm away from any other possible contaminating signals. With a cooled CCD camera, they detect a clear signal above background that they associate with Hawking radiation, and the spectral shift of this signal with incident energy is in good agreement with the predictions of theory. They also performed experiments where the filaments were formed from Gaussian pulses, and although the dynamics are more complicated here, the spectral emission window of the spontaneous radiation is again in agreement with theory.

Overall, this work provides significant evidence for the observation of Hawking radiation in an analog gravity system. The results must nevertheless be interpreted carefully. For example, it is essential to state very plainly that measuring analog Hawking radiation gives no direct insight into quantum gravity because there is no physical gravitational potential involved. Indeed, one might even argue that the description of this emission as “Hawking” radiation is inappropriate, but this seems an unnecessary restriction because the study of analog horizon systems was clearly motivated by Hawking’s work over 35 years ago. Of course additional experiments still remain to be carried out. Specifically, the spontaneous photon pairs emitted on either side of the horizon may be detectable with suitable angular resolution, and measurements of their entanglement and correlation will be an essential next step. Moreover, the polarization properties of filaments are very subtle and may need to be taken into account more fully in a complete interpretation of the experiments.

This field of research is at the interface of several areas of physics, and “standardizing” the terminology would be welcome. For example, effects related to Cerenkov radiation are seen both in filament and fiber soliton propagation, and distinguishing similarities and differences is important to avoid confusion. On the other hand, Belgiorno et al.’s results now point out the clear need to study the quantum electrodynamics of soliton radiation, as this may have direct bearing on their experiments. This work is also likely to be far reaching in other ways. By showing how tailored spatiotemporal fields provide a high degree of control over the interaction geometry of propagating light pulses, they may represent a new example of experiments in “ultrafast transformation optics,” where geometrical modifications of an optical propagation environment can be induced on ultrafast timescales. This may allow a much wider study of other analog physical effects, using a convenient benchtop platform. This research has been published in Physical Review Letters.

Source: http://physics.aps.org